• Resumo

    MAINSTREAMING HUMAN RIGHTS THROUGH THE ENLARGEMENT POLICY: THE CASE OF THE WESTERN BALKAN COUNTRIES

    Data de publicação: 24/08/2021
    The EU enlargement has been considered as the EU’s most efficient foreign policy instrument in terms of its ability to transform communist countries into functional democracies and open market countries. Since the beginning of 1990s, the promotion of human rights has become prominent topic either for the consolidation of human rights within the EU or outside. The argument of this paper is that the EU enlargement policy has influenced Western Balkan countries to improve their domestic legislation in the area of human rights. The paper demonstrates, firstly, how has evolved the EU human rights actorness from the establishment of the EE Community and secondly, discuss strategies and instruments used by the EU to export its norms and values in the Western Balkan countries. The paper addresses the following research question: how, whether and to what extent, the EU has promoted human rights in the Western Balkan countries. Throughout this paper, a doctrinal legal research has been used to analyze EU primary and secondary sources. The value of this paper lies in its comprehensiveness in drawing a complete picture of EU role in promoting human rights in Western Balkan countries through enlargement policy and to discuss the impact of the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights in the candidate countries.
  • Referências

    ACP-EEC First Convention signed at Lomé on 28 February 1975, OJ L 025 , 30/01/1976

    ACP-EEC Fourth Convention signed at Lomé on 15 December 1989 [1991] OJ L 229

    ANASTASAKIS, O. ‘The Europeanization of the Balkans’ (2005) Vol.12, The Brown Journal of World Affairs

    ARTS, K. Integrating Human Rights into Development Cooperation: The Case of the Lombe Convention,

    Springer, 2000

    BARTEL, L. Human Rights and Democracy Clauses in the EU’s International Agreements, DG for External

    Policies of the Union, 2005

    BARTEL, L. Human Rights in the EU’s International Agreement, Oxford university Press, 2005

    BARTEL, L. Human Rights in the EU’s International Agreement, Oxford university Press, 2005

    BERRY, E. HOMEWOOD, M. J.and BOGUSZ, B. Complete EU Law: Text, Cases, and Materials, Oxford University

    Press, 2019, p. 416

    BIEBER, F. ‘Building Impossible States? State-Building Strategies and EU Membership in the Western

    Balkans’ (2011) Vol. 63, Europe-Asia Studies

    BULTERMAN, M. Human Rights in the Treaty Relations of the European Union, Insertia, 2001

    BURLEY, A. M. and MATTLI, W. ‘Europe Before the Court: A Political Theory of Legal Integration’ (1993)

    Vol. 47, International Organization

    Commission Communication to the Council and the European Parliament on the Stabilization and Association

    process for Countries of South – Eastern Europe [1999] COM 235

    Commission, ‘A more credible, dynamic, predictable and political EU accession process - Commission lays

    out its proposals’ (Press release, 5 February 2020) <https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/

    IP_20_181> accessed 6 February 2020

    Commission, ‘Enhancing the accession process - A credible EU perspective for the Western Balkans’

    (Communication) COM(2020) 57 final

    Commission, ‘Enlargement Strategy and Main Challenges 2013-2014’ (Communication from the Commission

    to the European Parliament and The Council) COM (2013) 700 final

    Commission, ‘EU Enlargement Strategy’ (Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament,

    the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions) COM (2015)

    final

    Commission, ‘EU Enlargement Strategy’ (Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the

    Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions) COM (2015) 611 final

    Commission, ‘Remarks by Commissioner Olivér Várhelyi at the press conference on the revised

    enlargement methodology’ <https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/statement_20_208>

    accessed 6 February 2020

    Commission, 2020 Communication on EU enlargement policy [2020] COM(2020) 660 final

    Council Declaration on the situation in Uganda, 21 June 1977, Bull. EC, 6-1977, 2.2.59

    Council Directive 64/221/EEC of 25 February 1964 on the co-ordination of special measures concerning the

    movement and residence of foreign nationals which are justified on grounds of public policy, public security

    or public health [1964] OJ Special edition

    Council of the European Union, Thessaloniki European Council 19 and 20 June 2003 Presidency Conclusions,

    Brussels, 1 October 2003

    Council Regulation (EC) No 1085/2006 of 17 July 2006 establishing an Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance

    (IPA) [2006] OJ L 210/82

    Council Regulation (EC) No 2666/2000 of 5 December 2000 on assistance for Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina,

    Croatia, the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, repealing

    Regulation (EC) No 1628/96 and amending Regulations (EEC) No 3906/89 and (EEC) No 1360/90 and Decisions

    /256/EC and 1999/311/EC [2000] OJ L 306/1

    Council Regulation (EEC) No 3906/89 of 18 December 1989 on economic aid to certain countries of Central

    and Eastern Europe [1989] OJ L 375/11

    CRAIG, P. and de BÚRCA, G. EU Law: Text, Cases, and Materials, 7th edn, Oxford University Press

    de BÚRCA, G. ‘The Road not taken: The European Union as a Global Human Rights Actor’ (2011) Vol. 105,

    The American Journal of International Law

    DIMITROVA, A. L. ‘The EU’s Evolving Enlargement Strategies: Does Tougher Conditionality Open the

    Door for Further Enlargement?’, Working Paper SERIES 30, MAXCAP, 2016

    DUKE, S. The Elusive Quest for European Security, Palgrave Macmillan, 2000

    DŽIHIĆ, V. and WIESER, A. ‘Incentives for Democratisation? Effects of EU Conditionality on Democracy in

    Bosnia & Hercegovina’ (2011) Vol. 63, Europe-Asia Studies

    EMMERT, F. and PETROVIĆ, S. ‘The Past, Present, and Future of EU Enlargement’ (2014) Vol. 37, Fordham

    International Law Journal

    European Council, ‘Cologne European Council 3-4 June 1999’ (Conclusions of the Presidency)

    www.europarl.europa.eu/summits/kol1_en.htm> accessed 2 February 2021

    European Council, ‘Conclusion of the Presidency’ (SN 180 / 1 / 93 Rev 1, 21 – 22 June 1993),

    consilium.europa.eu/ueDocs/cms_Data/docs/pressData/en/ec/72921.pdf> accessed 31 January 2021

    European Council, ‘Conclusion of the Presidency’ (SN 180 / 1 / 93 Rev 1, 21 – 22 June 1993),

    consilium.europa.eu/ueDocs/cms_Data/docs/pressData/en/ec/72921.pdf> accessed 31 January 2021

    European Council, ‘Santa Maria da Feira European Council: Conclusions of the Presidency’ (19 and 20 June

    <https://www.europarl.europa.eu/summits/fei1_en.htm> accessed 22 January 2021

    European Council, “Presidency Conclusion” (Madrid, 15 and 16 December 1995) <http://www.consilium.

    europa.eu/uedocs/cms_data/docs/pressdata/en/ec/00400-C.EN5.htm> accessed 14 February 2021

    FIERRO, E. The EU’s Approach to Human Rights Conditionality in Practice, Martinus Hijhoff Publishers,

    Gerber, D. J. ‘The Transformation of European Community Competition Law’ (1994) Vol. 35, Harvard

    International Law Journal

    GRABBE, H. ‘Six lessons of enlargement ten years on: the EU’s transformative power in retrospect and

    prospect’ (2014) Vol. 52, Journal of Common Market Studies

    GRABBE, H. The EU’s Transformative Power: Europeanization through Conditionality in Central and

    Eastern Europe, Palgrave Studies in European Union Politics, Palgrave Macmillan, 2006

    HAJDINI, B. and Skara, G. ‘Lost in Implementation: EU Law Application in Albanian Legal System’ (2017)

    Issue 33, Journal of Legal Studies

    HAJDINI, B. and Skara, G. ‘Lost in Implementation: EU Law Application in Albanian Legal System’ (2017)

    Issue 33, Journal of Legal Studies

    Judgement of 15 July 1964, Flaminio Costa v E.N.E.L., C-6/64, [1964] ECLI:EU:C:1964:66

    Judgement of 5 February 1963, NV Algemene Transport- en Expeditie Onderneming van Gend & Loos v

    Netherlands Inland Revenue Administration, C-26/62, ECLI:EU:C:1963:1

    Judgment of 12 December 1996, X, Joined Cases C-74/95 and C-129/95, ECLI:EU:C:1996:491

    Judgment of 12 November 1969, Stauder v Stadt Ulm, C-29/69, ECLI:EU:C:1969:57

    Judgment of 13 December 1979, Hauer v Land Rheinland-Pfalz, C-44/79, ECLI:EU:C:1979:290

    Judgment of 13 December 1989, Oyowe and Traore v Commission, C-100/88, ECLI:EU:C:1989:638

    Judgment of 14 May 1974, Nold KG v Commission, C-4/73, ECLI:EU:C:1974:51

    Judgment of 14 May 1974, Nold KG v Commission, C-4/73, ECLI:EU:C:1974:51

    Judgment of 14 October 2004, Omega, C-36/02, ECLI:EU:C:2004:614

    Judgment of 15 July 1960, Präsident Ruhrkohlen-Verkaufsgesellschaft and Others v High Authority, C-36–

    /59 and C-40/59, ECLI:EU:C:1960:36

    Judgment of 15 May 1986, Johnston v Chief Constable of the Royal Ulster Constabulary, C-222/84,

    ECLI:EU:C:1986:206

    Judgment of 17 December 1970, Internationale Handelsgesellschaft mbH v Einfuhr- und Vorratsstelle für

    Getreide und Futtermittel, C-11/70, ECLI:EU:C:1970:114

    Judgment of 17 February 1998, Grant v South West Trains Ltd, C-249/96, ECLI:EU:C:1998:63

    Judgment of 18 September 1992, X v Commission, joined cases T-121/89 and T-13/90, ECLI:EU:T:1992:96

    Judgment of 20 March 1984, Razzouk and Beydoun v Commission, Joined Cases C-75/82 and C-117/82,

    ECLI:EU:C:1984:116

    Judgment of 22 December 2010, DEB Deutsche Energiehandels- und Beratungsgesellschaft mbH v

    Bundesrepublik Deutschland, C-279/09, ECLI:EU:C:2010:811

    Judgment of 23 February 2013, Stefano Melloni v Ministerio Fiscal, Case C-399/11, EU:C:2013:107

    Judgment of 27 October 1976, Prais v Council, C-130/75, ECLI:EU:C:1976:142

    Judgment of 28 October 1975, Rutili v Ministre de l’intérieur. C-36/75, ECLI:EU:C:1975:137

    Judgment of 4 February 1959, Storck v Haute autorité, C-1/58, ECLI:EU:C:1959:4

    Judgment of 4 February 1959, Storck v Haute autorité, C-1/58, ECLI:EU:C:1959:4

    Judgment of 6 February 1986, Castille v Commission, Joined cases C-173/82, C-157/83 and C-186/84,

    ECLI:EU:C:1986:54

    Judgment of 7 June 1983, Musique Diffusion Française v Commission, Joined cases C-100-103/80,

    ECLI:EU:C:1983:158

    Judgment of 8 July 1999, P Montecatini SpA v Commission, C-235/92, ECLI:EU:C:1999:362

    Judgment of 8 October 1986, Staatsanwalt Freiburg v Keller, C-234/85, ECLI:EU:C:1986:377

    KARP, B. ‘The Draft Constitution for a European Political Community’ (1954) Vol. 8, International

    Organization

    KÖRTVÉLYESI, Z. ‘Inconsistency and Criticism: Mapping Inconsistency Arguments Regarding Human

    Rights Promotion in EU External Relations’ (2016) European Yearbook of Human Rights

    KUBICEK, P. J. ‘International Norms, the European Union, and Democratization: Tentative Theory and

    Evidence’ in Paul J Kubicek (ed), The European Union and Democratization, Routledge, 2003

    LINOTTE, D. ‘Corruption in the Balkans and EU Membership’ (BiEPAG BLOG, 21 December 2019)

    biepag.eu/corruption-in-the-balkans-and-eu-membership/> accessed 21 January 2021

    Lord GOLDSMITH QC, ‘A Charter of Rights, freedoms and principles’ (2001) Vol. 38, Common Market Law

    Review

    MAMMADOV, A. ‘Human Rights Promotion in the EU Foreign Policy’ (Global Politics, 28 August 2010)

    <http://www.globalpolitics.cz/clanky/human-rights-promotion-in-the-eu-foreign-policy> accessed 29

    December 2020

    MENÉNDEZ, J. ‘Chartering Europe: Legal Status and Policy Implications of the Charter of Fundamental

    Rights of the European Union’ (2002) Vol. 40, JCMS

    MILLER, V. The Human Rights Clause in the EU’s External Agreement, House of Commons Library,

    International Affairs and Defence, 2004

    MOBERG, A. ‘What Constitutes a Breach of the EC’s Conditionality Clause? <https://gup.ub.gu.se/v1/asset_

    data/206701> accessed 29 December 2020

    Opinion of Advocate General Mischo delivered on 20 September 2001, Booker Aquaculture Ltd trading as

    Marine Harvest McConnell and Hydro Seafood GSP Ltd v The Scottish Ministers, Joined Cases C-20/00 and

    C-64/00, ECLI:EU:C:2001:469, para 126

    Regulation (EEC) No 1612/68 of the Council of 15 October 1968 on freedom of movement for workers within

    the Community [1968] OJ Special edition

    Regulation (EU) No 231/2014 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 March 2014 establishing an

    Instrument for Pre-accession Assistance (IPA II) [2014] L 77/11

    Regulation (EU) No 231/2014 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 March 2014 establishing an

    Instrument for Pre-accession Assistance (IPA II) [2014] OJ L 77/11

    Resolution 14 ‘Adopted on 10 September 1952 at Luxembourg by the six Ministers for Foreign Affairs’

    aei.pitt.edu/991/1/political_union_draft_treaty_1.pdf> accessed 22 January 2021

    ROSAS, A. ‘Is the EU a Human rights Organisation’ CLEER Working Paper 2011/1

    SADURSKI, W. ‘Charter and Enlargement’ (2002) Vol. 8, European Law Review

    SCHIMMELFENNING, F. ‘Competition and community: constitutional courts, rhetorical action, and the

    institutionalization of human rights in the EU Union’ (2006) Vol. 13, Journal of EU Public Policy

    SKARA, G. ‘The Rocky Road of Western Balkan Countries toward European Integration: The Need for a

    Credible and Effective Approach’ (2020) Vol.3, Journal of European Social Research

    SKARA, G. ‘The Role of The Role of the EU as a Peacebuilder in the Western Balkans’ (2014) Vol. 14,

    Romanian Journal of European Affairs

    SMITH, K. E. European Union Foreign Policy in a Changing World, 3rd edition, Polity Press, 2014

    SMITH, K. E. European Union Foreign Policy in a Changing World, 3rd edition, Polity Press, 2014

    SPAVENTA, E. ‘Fundamental Rights in the European Union’ in Catherine Barnard and Steve Peers (eds),

    European Union Law, 3rd edition, Oxfrod University Press, 2020

    Stabilisation and Association Agreement between the European Communities and their Member States, of the

    one part, and the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, of the other part, [2004] OJ L 84/13

    Stabilisation and Association Agreement between the European Communities and their Member States, of the

    one part, and the Republic of Albania, of the other part [2009] OJ L 107/166

    Stabilisation and Association Agreement between the European Communities and their Member States of the

    one part, and the Republic of Serbia, of the other part [2013] OJ L 278/16

    Stabilisation and Association Agreement between the European Communities and their Member States of the

    one part, and the Republic of Montenegro, of the other part [2010] OJ L108/3

    Stabilisation and Association Agreement between the European Communities and their Member States, of the

    one part, and Bosnia and Herzegovina, of the other part [2015] OJ L 164/2

    Stabilisation and Association Agreement between the European Union and the European Atomic Energy

    Community, of the one part, and Kosovo*, of the other part [2016] OJ L 71/3

    The Treaty on European Union, as signed in Maastricht on 7 February 1992

    The World Bank and WIIW, ‘Western Balkans Labor Market Trends 2020’, SEE Jobs Gateway March 2020

    Treaty Establishing the European Economic Community (EEC Treaty) [1957] OJ Special edition

    Treaty of Amsterdam amending the Treaty on European Union, the Treaties establishing the European

    Communities and certain related acts - Final Act [1997] OJ C 340/01

    UVIN, P. ‘Do as I say, not as I do: The Limits of Political Conditionality’ in George Sorensen (ed), Political

    Conditionality, Frank Cass, 1993

    VELLUTI, S. ‘The Promotion and Integration of Human Rights in EU External Trade Relations’ (2016) Vol.

    , Utrecht Journal of International and European Law

    WEILER, H.H. J. ‘Eurocacy and Distrust: Some Questions Concerning the Role of the European Court

    of Justice in the Protection of Fundamental Human Rights Within the Legal Order of the European

    Communities’ (1986) Vol. 61, Washington Law Review

    WETZEL, J. E. (ed). The EU as a “Global Player” in Human Rights? Routledge, 2011

    WOUTERS, J. ‘The EU Charter of Fundamental Rights: Some Reflections on its External Dimensions’

    (2001) Vol. 8, Maastricht Journal of European and Comparative Law

    YOUNGS, R. ‘Engaging: sharpening European influence. In New terms of engagement’, in Richard Young

    (ed), Global Europe Report 2: New Terms of Engagement, The Foreign Policy Centre, 2004

    Zagreb Summit, (Final declaration, November 2000) <http://www.consilium.europa.eu/ueDocs/cms_Data/

    docs/pressdata/en/er/Declang4.doc.html> accessed 20 January 2021

    ZOLKOS, M. M. ‘Bringing Human Rights in the Enlargement Politics: the EU as a Human Rights Promoter

    in the Central Eastern Europe’ [2004] Středoevropské politické studie <https://journals.muni.cz/cepsr/article/

    view/4044/5283> accessed 1 March 2021

Novos Estudos Jurí­dicos

A revista Novos Estudo Jurídicos (NEJ), Qualis A1 Direito, é um periódico científico quadrimestral, com publicações ininterruptas desde 1995, nos meses de Abril, Agosto e Dezembro. Sua missão é promover o aprimoramento dos estudos na área do Direito, especialmente nas seguintes linhas: “Constitucionalismo e Produção do Direito”, “Direito, Jurisdição e Inteligência Artificial” e “Direito Ambiental, Transnacionalidade e Sustentabilidade”.

A NEJ é um dos periódicos científicos da Universidade do Vale do Itajaí (UNIVALI) e está vinculado ao Programa de Pós-Graduação Stricto Sensu em Ciência Jurídica da UNIVALI (conceito CAPES 6), cursos de Mestrado e Doutorado.

O periódico oferece acesso livre e imediato ao seu conteúdo, seguindo o princípio de que disponibilizar gratuitamente o conhecimento científico ao público proporciona maior democratização mundial do conhecimento. 

A visão da revista Novos Estudo Jurídicos (NEJ) consiste na publicação de artigos e relatos de pesquisas inéditos de autoria de docentes, discentes e pesquisadores, estimulando os debates críticos e éticos sobre assuntos relacionados aos temas que compõem sua Linha Editorial.

Access journal